語(yǔ)篇的定義(Definition of Text)
從詞源上看，英語(yǔ)“text”一詞源于拉丁詞textus(名詞，=tissure)和textere(動(dòng)詞，=weave)，用來比喻在結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義上相互交織在一起的一組句子。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境的不同.英語(yǔ)"text"可分別譯為“語(yǔ)篇、文本、原文、正文、課本、經(jīng)文”等。
《新牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》對(duì)“text”的釋義，就包括至少下列四項(xiàng)主要內(nèi)容，它們的共同特點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為語(yǔ)篇是具有特定特征的、書面的或印刷的文字材料。
(Text一1. a book or other written or printed work, regarded in terms of its content
rather than its physical form(語(yǔ)篇):a text which explores pain and grief. 2. a piece
of written or printed material regarded as conve如ng the authentic or primary form of
a particular work(原文):the text of the lecture was available on request. 3. written
or printed words, typically forming a connected piece of work(文本):stylistic fea-
ture of journalist text. 4. the main body of a book or other piece of writing, as dis-
tinct from other material such as notes, appendices, and illustrations(正文):too
much text and too few pictures in this book.
一The New Oxford Dictionary of English (2001)
對(duì)“語(yǔ)篇”這一重要概念，許多學(xué)者都曾從不同的角度進(jìn)行過定義和闡釋。為了更好地理解它的含義，我們?cè)倏匆豢锤邔I(yè)性的解釋。
英國(guó)語(yǔ)盲學(xué)家R. Quirk等在《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》中，對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的概念進(jìn)行過分析和解釋。
雖然措詞比較謹(jǐn)慎.但卻勾勒出語(yǔ)篇應(yīng)具有的從本特征。他們是這樣說的:
A text-unlike a sentence一is not a grammatical unit but rather a semantic and prag-
static unit. It is a stretch of language which seems appropriately coherent in actual
use. That is, the text "cohere" in real world context，semantically and pragmatical-
ly. and it is also internally or linguistically coherent.
-A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language(1985)
在《文體學(xué)詞典》中，英國(guó)文體學(xué)家Katie Wale、不但詳細(xì)探討了語(yǔ)篇的概念.而且還對(duì)有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇的研究進(jìn)行了評(píng)述。她認(rèn)為:
A text is commonly used to refer to a sequential collection of sentences or utterances
which form a unity by reason of their linguistic cohesion and semantic coherence,
such as a recipe. poem or sermon. However, it is possible for a text to consist of on-
ly one sentence or utterance, e. g. a notice or road-sign(Exit;Stop)，which is se-
mantically complete in itself, and pragmatically tied to a specific situation.
-A Dictionary of Stylistics(1989)
從這些論述可看出，語(yǔ)篇是言語(yǔ)交際的基本單位。它不是一個(gè)像句子一樣的語(yǔ)法單位，而是一個(gè)相對(duì)完整的語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)用單位。在實(shí)際交際中，語(yǔ)篇可以以不同的形式出現(xiàn)。它既可以是一個(gè)人說話時(shí)產(chǎn)生的言語(yǔ)單位‘如電視講話、公眾演說等)，也可以是一個(gè)人寫作時(shí)生成的言語(yǔ)單位(如日記、總結(jié)、散文、故事等)，當(dāng)然還可以是幾個(gè)人輪流發(fā)言時(shí)所形成的言語(yǔ)單位(如對(duì)話、訪談、辯論、戲劇等)。
語(yǔ)篇可長(zhǎng)可短。在多數(shù)情況下，語(yǔ)篇一般是由許多句子、語(yǔ)段、甚至章節(jié)組成的有機(jī)整體，如小說、論文、辭典、百科全書等。但有時(shí)，一個(gè)句子或短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)詞，都可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)意義完整并能實(shí)現(xiàn)特定語(yǔ)用意圖的語(yǔ)篇.像“DANGER!-, -ENTRANCE","Men's","No Smoking! ","Think before you leap"，"Vantage, the taste of success","Goodtaste, Kent style.”這樣的標(biāo)語(yǔ)、廣告、便條、告示或諺語(yǔ)。雖然只有只言片語(yǔ)或一兩句話，但在一定的語(yǔ)境中卻是意義很完整的語(yǔ)篇。
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